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networking – Have access 2 networks but both are still independent

This is my setup:

    *House 1*      :   House 2**
          (C)      :      Device1
         /         :     /
(A)-----(B)--------:---(D)--Device2
                  :     
          Devices  :      Device 2

(A) – modem router: internet source1 global, also is DHCP server
(192.168.8.1)
(B) – Router: used as extender (DHCP off)
(C) – modem
router: internet source2 closed, DHCP is off (192.168.3.1)
(D) –
Router: used as another extender, DHCP is off

What I do to access (C) internet through (D) by setting device gateway(192.168.3.1) and ip (192.168.3.106), and was able to get this to work but couldn’t make it work now

Essentially what I want to achieve is to (D) to only have access to (C) internet but also be able to access a server on network (A). Like access 2 networks via one cable and only House 2 having access to (C)

I have minimal knowledge on networking, and most of the routers in this setup have just basic functionality

graph theory – Searching for an early, highly theoretical, even philosophical, math paper on small-world networks

All I can remember is that it was very theoretical and abstact and kind of philosophical, explaining (the discovery or interdependence of) small world networks. I assume that it was +50 years old and ‘might’ be an iconic paper, but maybe not – surely it was by far not as popular as the, already mentioned, paper “small world networks and their dynamics” by Duncan J. Watts & Steven H. Strogatz, but also it was on a completely different level of math.

I think I found it once on Azimuth Blog from John Carlos Baez. But it is very large and I don’t even find “small world network” in the search (it might have also been mentioned by someone in the comment section).

neural networks – In a machine learning system, why use differentially private SGD if our input data is already perturbed by a DP mechanism?

I’m trying to implement my own version of a deep neural network with differential privacy to preserve the privacy of the parties involved in the training dataset.

I’m using the method by Abadi et al. proposed in their seminal paper Deep Learning with Differential Privacy as the basis of my implementation. Now I have trouble understanding one thing in this paper. In their method, they propose a differentially private SGD optimisation function and they use an accountant to keep their privacy budget expenditure during each iteration. All of this makes sense: every time you query the data, you need to add controlled noise to it to mitigate the risk of leakage. But before they begin the training process, they add a differentially private PCA layer and filter their data through it.

My confusion is about why we do need to have DP-SGD after this (or the other way around, why DP-PCA when we’re already ensuring DP with our DP-SDG method). I mean, based on post-processing principle, if a mechanism is say (epsilon)-DP, any function performed on the output of that mechanism is also (epsilon)-DP. Now since we’re already applying an (epsilon)-differentially private PCA mechanism on our data, why do we need to have the whole DP-SGD process after that? I understand the problem with local DP and why it’s much more efficient to do global DP on the model instead of the training data, but I’m wondering if we’re already applying DP during the training phase, is it really necessary for the PCA to be DP as well or could we have just used normal DP or another dimensionality reduction method?

Azure VPN point to site name (P2S) resolution from home networks

I’m attempting to create a VPN in Azure so team members working from home can access storage over SMB and other resources in a VNet. Most people’s ISP block the ports required to access SMB through a public endpoint.

I’m basing my work on these resources:

Configure a Point-to-Site (P2S) VPN on Windows for use with Azure Files

Configuring DNS forwarding for Azure Files

I’ve successfully setup/connect to the VPN, VNet, storage account and private endpoint for the file share. Problem is all the articles assume you have a DNS server on your “On-prem” network. I need this to work from multiple small home networks with no control over name resolution from a local DNS server. However could run powershell scripts, install software etc on home workstations.

What’s the best approach for name resolution in Azure for workstations on home networks connecting to a VNet over VPN in Azure?

computer networks – Difference between abstraction layers and modularisation in this context

I am having trouble understanding why the OSI model for networks is an example of abstraction levels and not an application of modularisation. This course referred to OSI as ‘layers of abstraction’, so did the wikipedia page on ‘abstraction layer’.

I understand abstraction to be the process of representing a system, concept or process in simple terms, leaving out finer details which may obfuscate the bigger picture.

My understanding of layers of abstraction is that it refers to different depths of understanding of a concept where each ‘level’ of understanding helps in performing a specific task. For instance, knowing that meaning of the play and pause button in a video player application is enough for the purpose of playing a video. Whereas an understanding of how video is stored in terms of digital signals would be required if one had to design a program to compress a video.

My understanding of modularisation is that it is a concept used to break a complex process/ system into simpler chunks which can be understood and developed independently. So a software application can be split into various modules such as the GUI, data storage, plugins etc. This allows each different module to be coded separately and makes the development process simpler.

Thus, it seems to me that breaking network protocols into different parts (parts for routing, flow control, arbitration etc) is an instance of modularisation. However it seems this is not the case. I would be grateful if you could tell me where my understanding of modularisation and abstraction goes off the rails.

Thank you for your time!

computer networks – What is the meaning of this error message I get when downloading documents?

Every so often I’ll hop on my laptop, open google, and eventually try to download and open some document, only for the document to wind up looking like this:
enter image description here

What on earth does all this mean? What language is it, and why does it pop up instead of normally formatted English?

Also, if it isn’t already obvious, I have zero technical experience with software and have no idea what sort of jargon I would use to even ask this question properly. Please keep in mind that I’m just a schlub who wants to know what this means.

Socks5 Proxy Service Cheap Socks5

man in the middle – Is my VPN traffic really being routed through all these strange networks?

I use the client of a reputed paid VPN company. With each server location I connect to, the log tells me I am instead connecting to networks completely unrelated to the company and the country of the VPN location. But when I check my external IP address, my expected VPN location is returned. So it appears that my traffic is being routed (and logged?) through these strange networks, yet when I try to block them in the firewall, it still connects successfully, making me wonder if I am not connecting to these networks after all or if the firewall is unable to block the connections. Even if no shady routing (MitM) is actually taking place, the question remains: why are those IP addresses showing up in my logs? The signatures of both the VPN client and OpenVPN are valid.

I contacted support, and although they expressed concern, I couldn’t get any explanation in 30 minutes of chatting.

Here’s a redacted transcript of a log. Is there a possibility that my traffic isn’t actually being routed through those networks?

`==============================================

Connecting to Some VPN country - Some VPN city, ip: **SPOOKY IP**, protocol: tcp
...
Sat Jul 25 15:47:01 2020 OpenVPN 2.4.7 
...
Sat Jul 25 15:47:01 2020 MANAGEMENT: TCP Socket listening on (AF_INET)127.0.0.1:55583
...
Sat Jul 25 15:47:01 2020 Outgoing Control Channel Authentication: Using 512 bit message hash 'SHA512' for HMAC authentication
Sat Jul 25 15:47:01 2020 Incoming Control Channel Authentication: Using 512 bit message hash 'SHA512' for HMAC authentication
Sat Jul 25 15:47:01 2020 TCP/UDP: Preserving recently used remote address: (AF_INET)**SPOOKY IP**:443
...
Sat Jul 25 15:47:01 2020 Attempting to establish TCP connection with (AF_INET)**SPOOKY IP**:443 (nonblock)
Sat Jul 25 15:47:02 2020 TCP connection established with (AF_INET)**SPOOKY IP**:443
Sat Jul 25 15:47:02 2020 TCP_CLIENT link local: (not bound)
Sat Jul 25 15:47:02 2020 TCP_CLIENT link remote: (AF_INET)**SPOOKY IP**:443
Sat Jul 25 15:47:02 2020 TLS: Initial packet from (AF_INET)**SPOOKY IP**:443, sid=xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
...

Sat Jul 25 15:47:02 2020 Peer Connection Initiated with (AF_INET)**SPOOKY IP**:443
...
Sat Jul 25 15:47:03 2020 PUSH: Received control message: 'PUSH_REPLY,redirect-gateway def1,dhcp-option DNS 10.151.0.1,route 10.151.0.1,topology net30,ping 10,ping-restart 60,socket-flags TCP_NODELAY,ifconfig 10.151.0.102 10.151.0.101,peer-id 0,cipher xxx-xxx-xxx'
...
Sat Jul 25 15:47:03 2020 OPTIONS IMPORT: data channel crypto options modified
Sat Jul 25 15:47:03 2020 Data Channel: using negotiated cipher 'xxx-xxx-xxx'
Sat Jul 25 15:47:03 2020 NCP: overriding user-set keysize with default
...
Sat Jul 25 15:47:03 2020 Opening utun (connect(AF_SYS_CONTROL)): Resource busy (errno=16)
Sat Jul 25 15:47:03 2020 Opening utun (connect(AF_SYS_CONTROL)): Resource busy (errno=16)
Sat Jul 25 15:47:03 2020 Opened utun device utun2
Sat Jul 25 15:47:03 2020 /sbin/ifconfig utun2 delete
Sat Jul 25 15:47:03 2020 NOTE: Tried to delete pre-existing tun/tap instance -- No Problem if failure
Sat Jul 25 15:47:03 2020 /sbin/ifconfig utun2 10.151.0.102 10.151.0.101 mtu 1500 netmask 255.255.255.255 up
...
ifconfig: ioctl (SIOCDIFADDR): Can't assign requested address

DNS setting update type: up
DNS setting update type: up, completed

Sat Jul 25 15:47:03 2020 /sbin/route add -net **SPOOKY IP** 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.255
add net **SPOOKY IP**: gateway 192.168.1.1
Sat Jul 25 15:47:03 2020 /sbin/route add -net 0.0.0.0 10.151.0.101 128.0.0.0
add net 0.0.0.0: gateway 10.151.0.101
Sat Jul 25 15:47:03 2020 /sbin/route add -net 128.0.0.0 10.151.0.101 128.0.0.0
add net 128.0.0.0: gateway 10.151.0.101
Sat Jul 25 15:47:03 2020 /sbin/route add -net 0.0.0.0 10.151.0.101 128.0.0.0
route: writing to routing socket: File exists
add net 0.0.0.0: gateway 10.151.0.101: File exists
Sat Jul 25 15:47:03 2020 /sbin/route add -net 128.0.0.0 10.151.0.101 128.0.0.0
route: writing to routing socket: File exists
add net 128.0.0.0: gateway 10.151.0.101: File exists
Sat Jul 25 15:47:03 2020 /sbin/route add -net 10.151.0.1 10.151.0.101 255.255.255.255
add net 10.151.0.1: gateway 10.151.0.101
Sat Jul 25 15:47:03 2020 Initialization Sequence Completed
`

computer networks – Not able to receive any notification from netconf test tool

I am working with netconf test tool to simulate devices. I was able to edit configuration on the devices. I was working with notification even tough I subscribed to a stream I was not able to get any notification from the device.
If anybody has an understanding or have worked on netconf test tool with notification, it would be a great help .

Here is my python code

import sys
import logging
from ncclient import manager
from ncclient import operations

log = logging.getLogger(__name__)

CREATE_SUBSCRIPTION = '''<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
  <rpc xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0" message-id="{}">
    <create-subscription xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:notification:1.0">
      <stream>NETCONF</stream>
    </create-subscription>
  </rpc>'''
# Fill the device information and establish a NETCONF session
def connect(host, port, user, password):
    return manager.connect(host=host,
                           port=port,
                           username=user,
                           password=password,
                           hostkey_verify=False,
                           allow_agent=False,
                           look_for_keys=False)


def test_notification(host, port, user, password):
    # 1.Create a NETCONF session
    with connect(host, port=port, user=user, password=password) as m:
        # 2.Set the message-id for the rpc
        msgId = 1002
        rpc = CREATE_SUBSCRIPTION.format(msgId)

        # 3.Send rpc
        result = m._session.send(rpc)
        m.take_notification(block=True, timeout=None)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)
    test_notification(sys.argv(1), sys.argv(2), sys.argv(3), sys.argv(4))

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